My plan for American budget:
Pass new legislation. All additional non capital expenses need to be fully funded from the approval of the budget.
Immediately end Bush tax cuts, and reassess taxes for the years his tax cut has been in effect. Charge people appropriate amount.
End all loopholes. New loopholes can be made, but must be approved on an individual basis (as their own piece of legislation).
Raise retirement age.
Make social security behave the way it was meant: as insurance. People earning more than x amount of dollars (I don't know where to cut it off, but if you are wealthy you make more than x dollars) from any source of income at an eligible age, you are not eligible to receive benefits.
Pay off the debt with a 3% sales tax.
Cut 300$ billion dollars in expenses, I don't care from where. It can be done, it will just hurt, and we only need to cut it for 10-20 years. After that, we will be saving enough in interest payments to reinstate the expenses. Alternatively, raise taxes to collect that much. Either way, pay off the debt in 10-25 years.