Bingo!!!
Neil, thank you very much!
When I disabled the firewall earlier, the clipboard/file sharing worked immediately, without having to reboot, so I wrongly assumed that it was not necessary. My bad.
The reboot was not necessary in both cases: when my Win11 was set as Public network, as well as after I changed it manually to a Private one.
Following your advice, I realized why it was necessary. Upon reboot, Windows asked me if I want to allow access to the software, with granular permission to either or both network types. As per your instructions, I approved access to the private network only.
I was curious to see if Stardock / Multiplicity was added to the list of "Allow an app through firewall". It was indeed.
Now everything works.
Thanks again!