1) Unless you use autodesign, you do need to put the newer model on your ships manually.
2) The latest version of TA does have the ship designer acessible from the main menu without needing to actually play. We're working to get it available for GC2UL as soon as we can.
3) There may be, but I'm not aware of it. The core ships, even when they were included, were not very good compared to what one could design, so most players just ignored them. With autodesign now, most of them have been removed.