Well, if you're looking for a general idea, read through the manual like psugar suggested

It won't give you specific numbers, but it's written with very specific wording to give you an idea on the strengths/weaknesses/ranges of ships
It is true, the manual helped give an idea (I'm one of these people that always reads the manual before I even play - if you know the game dominions 3... it meant a long wait lol).
I suppose I'm more specifically interested in the fact are some weapons long, medium, short range? Missiles seem to have an AoE component in some cases. Are other weapons better at piercing shields / armor? Stuff like that.